An application of a hybrid intelligent system for diagnosing primary headaches

[Abstract] (1) Background: Modern medicine generates a great deal of information that stored in medical databases. Simultaneously, extracting useful knowledge and making scientific decisions for diagnosis and treatment of diseases becomes increasingly necessary. Headache disorders are the most prevalent of all the neurological conditions. Headaches have not only medical but also great socioeconomic significance. The aim of this research is to develop an intelligent system for diagnosing primary headache disorders. (2) Methods: This research applied various mathematical, statistical and artificial intelligence techniques, among which the most important are: Calinski-Harabasz index, Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Weighted Fuzzy C-means Clustering Algorithm. These methods, techniques and methodologies are used to create a hybrid intelligent system for diagnosing primary headache disorders. The proposed intelligent diagnostic system is tested with original real-world data set with different metrics. (3) Results: First at all, nine of 20 attributes – features from International Headache Society (IHS) criteria are selected, and then only five most important attributes from IHS criteria are selected. The calculation result based on the Calinski–Harabasz index value (178) for the optimal number of clusters is three, and they present three classes of headaches: (i) migraine, (ii) tension-type headaches (TTHs), and (iii) other primary headaches (OPHs). The proposed hybrid intelligent system shows the following quality metrics: Accuracy 75%; Precision 67% for migraine, 74% for TTHs, 86% for OPHs, and Average Precision 77%; Recall 86% for migraine, 73% for TTHs, 67% for OPHs, Average Recall 75%; F1 score 75% for migraine, 74% for TTHs, 75% for OPHs, and Average F1 score 75%. (4) Conclusions: The hybrid intelligent system presents qualitative and respectable experimental results. The implementation of existing diagnostics systems and the development of new diagnostics systems in medicine is necessary in order to help physicians make quality diagnosis and decide the best treatments for the patients.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; MINECO-TIN2017-84804-RGobierno del Principado de Asturias; FCGRUPIN-IDI/2018/000226Serbia. Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development; 451-03-68/2020-14/20015

Linear Analysis of Epileptic Forms in the Electroencephalogram

In our study, we investigated the properties of electroencephalogram (EEG) of humans experiencing epileptic seizures. By applying linear methods, such as spectral analysis and wavelet transformation, we compared characteristics of EEGs of patients suffering from epilepsia with the characteristics of EEGs of healthy individuals. Our goal was to establish the real effect of epileptic attacks in frequency domains, distinguishing them from various types of artifacts caused by mental and physical activities in humans. The frequency range of 1 to 2 Hz was found to be interesting, where we have detected a power spectral density peak typical of epileptic seizures. Also, we have shown that there exists an anomalous distribution of the relative wavelet energy of the signal within this frequency range. We also showed that the frequency range 7.97 to 15.94 Hz can serve as an indicator of preictal activity in the EEG signal.Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Serbia [175006

Linear Analysis of Epileptic Forms in the Electroencephalogram

In our study, we investigated the properties of electroencephalogram (EEG) of humans experiencing epileptic seizures. By applying linear methods, such as spectral analysis and wavelet transformation, we compared characteristics of EEGs of patients suffering from epilepsia with the characteristics of EEGs of healthy individuals. Our goal was to establish the real effect of epileptic attacks in frequency domains, distinguishing them from various types of artifacts caused by mental and physical activities in humans. The frequency range of 1 to 2 Hz was found to be interesting, where we have detected a power spectral density peak typical of epileptic seizures. Also, we have shown that there exists an anomalous distribution of the relative wavelet energy of the signal within this frequency range. We also showed that the frequency range 7.97 to 15.94 Hz can serve as an indicator of preictal activity in the EEG signal.Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Serbia [175006

Significance of adequate postural control in the appearance of habitual upright bipedal locomotion

Analysis of qualitative indicators of stability of the body during different types of locomotion in primates suggests that bipedal locomotion is not variation of some other type of locomotion. Transition from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion is accompanied by a qualitative difference in body stability. Because of assuming an upright bipedal posture, the center of mass is lifted, the surface of the base of support is reduced, and the body structure does not provide passive stability in relation to inertial moments of the body around Y-axis. Additional head movements, trunk rotations, forelimb manipulations with objects and surveying the surroundings are necessary for survival, but they increase the degree of freedom of movement and further complicate the task of maintaining balance in the case of a postural change from erect quadrupedal to erect bipedal. This article presents a hypothesis that the transition from quadrupedal to habitual upright bipedal locomotion was caused by qualitative changes in the nervous system that allowed controlling the more demanding type of locomotion. The ability to control a more demanding posture increases possibilities of interactions between the organism and the complex environment and consequently increases the survival rate, breeding possibilities, and chances for occupying a new environmental niche. Existing data show that ability to execute the more demanding type of locomotion was made possible because of changes in the frontal lobe and pyramidal system. Only after the more demanding posture was enabled by changes in the nervous system, could advantages of bipedal over quadrupedal locomotion be utilized, including better scanning of the environment, carrying food and infants, simultaneous upper extremity movements and observation of the environment, limitless manipulation of objects with upper extremities above the individual, and less space for rotating around the Z-axis. The aforementioned advantages of habitual bipedal over quadrupedal locomotion are present in physically complex environments, such as the forest, which is associated with the appearance of habitual bipedal locomotion. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Serbian Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection [175006/2011

Hydraulic Jump in Trapezoidal Channel (Wassersprung im Trapezkanal)

The features of rat cerebral and cerebellar electrocortical activity (ECoG) under different types of anaesthesia (nembutal. ketamine or zoletil) were examined by the distribution of spectral entropy across frequency bands of ECoG and by calculation of fractal dimension determined on the basis of Higuchi's algorithm. Spectral entropy, as a measure of activity, in the case of cerebrum had greater values than the spectral entropy of cerebellum in low frequency ranges, regardless of the type or applied anesthetic. Various anesthetics evoked different effects on spectral entropy of electrocortical activity: spectral entropy of delta range greatly dominated under nembutal anesthesia, while ketamine or zoletil appeared to affect the spectral entropy of higher frequency ranges. The pronounced effect of ketamine or zoletil anesthesia on spectral entropy of higher frequency was confirmed by the higher values of Higucihi's fractal dimension (ED) of ECoGs, with a tendency of higher ED values in cerebellar activity than cerebral activity.Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia [143021

Radiation effects on luminescent and structural properties of YPO4: Pr3+ nanophosphors

YPO4 phosphors doped with trivalent ion Pr3+ were prepared by sol–gel method and treated with different doses of gamma radiation, from 0.25 MGy to 4 MGy. Effects of radiation on morphology, structure and luminescent properties were analyzed. Also, the influence of radiation on the change in the color of the samples was examined. The color efficiency of powders was evaluated by colorimetric analysis (CIE and L * a * b system). It has been observed that powders change color under the influence of radiation, i.e. they pass from white to pinkish red. Also, it has been determined that the radiation affects morphology change, as the particle size increases with increasing of the radiation dose. With the increase in the radiation dose, the emission intensity of samples decreases. The structure remains almost unchanged after irradiation, and the intensity constantly decreases with increasing of dose. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Lumped-parameter model of semi-infinite uniform fluid channel for time-domain analysis of dam-reservoir interaction

We investigated the rat brain activity in acute seizures evoked by camphor essential oil or its main constituent 1,8-cineole by wavelet (primarily) and fractal analysis. Experiments were performed on anesthetized animals before and after intraperitoneal camphor oil or cineole administration. The properties of frequency bands in pre-ictal, ictal and inter-ictal stages have been determined by wavelet analysis. The domination of 6 frequency band was confirmed in obtained brain activities, which participate with approximate to 45% of mean relative wavelet energy (MRWE) in control signals and arise up to approximate to 76% MRWE in energy spectrum during the ictal stage (after drug administration). Other frequency bands decreased during ictal stage and arised in inter-ictal stage. There was a dose-dependent response of cineole effect: increase in cineole concentration leaded to the higher values of relative wavelet energy (RWE) of delta frequency band while there were slight changes of the mean fractal dimension (FD) values as a measure of system complexity.Serbian Ministry of Science and Technological Development [143021

The righting reflex from a supine to a prone position in the guinea pig fetus

The aim of this study was to examine the righting reflex from a supine to a prone position in the albino guinea pig fetus. Ultrasound examinations of one-fetus gestations were performed in the period from the 31st to the 66th day of gestation. The experimental and control group each encompassed 6 fetuses. Fetuses were brought into supine positions relative to the gravity vector by manipulating the pregnant females into the appropriate positions. The control group received 15 mg/kg of diazepam intraperitoneally before the examination to show whether changes in fetal position occurred as the result of passive rotation. In the experimental group, each fetus was examined every other day (summary results: absent 69 times, prone position 10 times, lateral position 29 times). In the control group, each fetus was examined every five days (summary results: absent 42 times). The absence of the righting reflex in the control group was statistically significant (chi(2) = 18.66, df = 1, p = 0.000, p < 0.05). The experimental group fetuses assumed a prone position more frequently in the period from the 51st to the 66th day of gestation than in the period from the 31st to the 50th day of gestation (chi(2) = 4.17, df = 1, p = 0.0412, p < 0.05), suggesting maturation of the righting reflex.Serbian Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection [143021/2006

The righting reflex from a supine to a prone position in the guinea pig fetus

The aim of this study was to examine the righting reflex from a supine to a prone position in the albino guinea pig fetus. Ultrasound examinations of one-fetus gestations were performed in the period from the 31st to the 66th day of gestation. The experimental and control group each encompassed 6 fetuses. Fetuses were brought into supine positions relative to the gravity vector by manipulating the pregnant females into the appropriate positions. The control group received 15 mg/kg of diazepam intraperitoneally before the examination to show whether changes in fetal position occurred as the result of passive rotation. In the experimental group, each fetus was examined every other day (summary results: absent 69 times, prone position 10 times, lateral position 29 times). In the control group, each fetus was examined every five days (summary results: absent 42 times). The absence of the righting reflex in the control group was statistically significant (chi(2) = 18.66, df = 1, p = 0.000, p < 0.05). The experimental group fetuses assumed a prone position more frequently in the period from the 51st to the 66th day of gestation than in the period from the 31st to the 50th day of gestation (chi(2) = 4.17, df = 1, p = 0.0412, p < 0.05), suggesting maturation of the righting reflex.Serbian Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection [143021/2006

Changes in the Anterior Presentation in Sheep Fetuses Due to Their Ventro-Sacral Position in the Second Half of Gestation

The hypothesis tested was that fetal postural development causes anterior presentation of the sheep fetus during a period of exclusive increase in anterior presentation. Exposing fetuses to a ventro-sacral position during a period of equal incidence of anterior and posterior presentations [50th-90th gestation day (GD)] should not cause changes in fetal presentation. During a period of an exclusive increase in anterior presentation (90th-140th GD) a ventro-sacral position should cause a 1800 turn of the fetus. Singleton gestations with fetus in anterior presentation were included. Ultrasound examinations consisted of three consecutive two minute scans to determine fetal presentation, and were conducted with the ewe in the following three positions: the upright quadrupedal position, sitting position in which the ewe's trunk is vertical to the ground; and again the upright quadrupedal position. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric U-test was used. On the 83rd GD (14 fetuses), there were no changes in fetal presentation, whereas on the 86th GD (10 fetuses) (p=0.035 p<0.05) and on the 116th GD (12 fetuses) (p=0.000 p<0.05) fetuses frequently assumed a transverse presentation at the second examination position. Further experiments would require the fetuses to be artificially maintained in a ventro-sacral position for a prolonged period.Serbian Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection [175006/2011